1. The Epistemological Divide: Intellectus and the Rise of Scientism The key constraint on modern scientific methodology lies in its disassociation from Intellectus—an ancient term representing a form of intuitive and spiritual knowledge. In medieval philosophy, Intellectus was not merely a rational faculty, but something akin to Qalb-e-Salim (the pure heart), Shah e Aqal (the king of reason) a source of insight beyond logic and reason. The Enlightenment-era shift toward empirical and ...